Consensus Study Report

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This activity was supported by contracts between the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Family Physicians, American Academy of Nursing, American Board of Family Medicine, American College of Physicians, Arnold Ventures, California HealthCare Foundation, The Commonwealth Fund, Healing Works Foundation, Milbank Memorial Fund, National League for Nursing, New York State Health Foundation, Samueli Foundation, and Society for General Internal Medicine. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project.

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Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.17226/29226

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Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Building a workforce to develop and sustain interprofessional primary care teams. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/29226.

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COMMITTEE ON DEVELOPING AND SUSTAINING EFFECTIVE INTERPROFESSIONAL PRIMARY CARE TEAMS

DEBORAH J. COHEN (Cochair), Oregon Health & Science University

KAMERON L. MATTHEWS (Cochair), Cityblock Health

ANDREA ANDERSON, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences

TUMAINI R. COKER, University of Washington School of Medicine and Seattle Children’s

YVONNE G. DAVIS, Patient Advocate

KAREN L. FORTUNA, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine

ISHANI GANGULI, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School

CHERYL GISCOMBE, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill School of Nursing

KEVIN GRUMBACH, University of California, San Francisco

LAUREN S. HUGHES, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Farley Health Policy Center

YALDA JABBARPOUR, Robert Graham Center and Georgetown University

ALEX H. KRIST, Fairfax Family Practice Residency and Virginia Commonwealth University

CANDACE SPROTT, Southern California Permanente Medical Group

MARY K. WAKEFIELD

EBONI WINFORD, River Valley Health

Study Staff

MARC MEISNERE, Study Director

ADAEZE OKOROAJUZIE, Senior Program Assistant (through May 2025)

SHARYL NASS, Senior Director, Board on Health Care Services

National Academy of Medicine Fellows

STEPHANIE GOLD, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Farley Health Policy Center

BREANNE JAQUA, A.T. Still University

ALYSSA TILHOU, Boston University Medical Center

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Reviewers

This Consensus Study Report was reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in making each published report as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets the institutional standards for quality, objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process.

We thank the following individuals for their review of this report:

Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations of this report nor did they see the final draft before its release. The review of this report was overseen by BETTY R. FERRELL, City of Hope National Medical Center, and WALTER R. FRONTERA, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine. They were responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried

out in accordance with the standards of the National Academies and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content rests entirely with the authoring committee and the National Academies.

Contents

BUILDING A WORKFORCE TO DEVELOP AND SUSTAIN INTERPROFESSIONAL PRIMARY CARE TEAMS

THE WORK OF PRIMARY CARE

THE INTERPROFESSIONAL PRIMARY CARE TEAM

THE PRIMARY CARE WORKFORCE SUPPLY

DEVELOPING AND SUPPORTING THE WORKFORCE FOR PRIMARY CARE TEAMS: TRAINING PATHWAYS AND LABOR ECONOMICS

Health Professions Training

Practice Facilitation

Labor Economics: Valuing Primary Care by Paying More and Paying Differently

RECOMMENDATIONS

Primary Care Payment

Accountability for Enhanced Primary Care Payment

Interprofessional Primary Care Team Training and Facilitation

Monitoring, Assessment, and Accountability for Workforce Policy

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

APPENDIX: COMMITTEE, FELLOWS, AND STAFF BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES